The study was carried out in a nonteaching hospital in catanzaro italy. With many tables and algorithms to summarise key data and management strategies, nutritional strategies for the very low birthweight infant is an invaluable guide for all healthcare professionals caring for premature babies. The prevalence of low birth weight in the study area is the highest in the country. The live infants born at 37 to 41 weeks of gestation were enrolled in this study. In this study, we determined the maternal factors that contribute to low birth weight lbw deliveries in. Determinants of low birth weight in neonates born in three hospitals. Low birth weight lbw is a public health problem linked to lack of equity in populations. Lbw is either caused by preterm birth that is, a low gestational age at birth, commonly defined as younger than 37 weeks of gestation or the infant being small for gestational age that is, a slow prenatal growth rate, or a combination of both in general, risk factors in the mother that may contribute to low birth weight include young ages, multiple pregnancies, previous lbw. To the investigators knowledge in bale zone, no study has yet been done to elucidate the risk factors for low birth weight using case control study design.
Low birth weight can cause complications in adult life, and is therefore a public health concern. In 2008, women ages 20 to 39 years had the lowest rate of term low birth weight infants, while women under 20 years had the highest rate of term low birth weight infants. Risk factors commonly associated with preterm birth include age, education, alcohol and drug use, smoking. Infants who weigh less than 2,500 g are considered low birth weight babies and if under 1,500 g are very low birth weight. It is one of the leading causes of infant mortality. Risk factors associated with low birth weight of neonates. We know that preterm birth and low birth weight are among the most frequent causes of infant and neonatal death in the united states, carlo added. Jan 01, 2017 modeling maternal risk factors affecting low birth weight among infants in kenya. Low birth weight lbw remains a significant public health problem in many developing countries, and poor nutrition both before and during pregnancy we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. Low birth weight has been linked to exposure during pregnancy to lead, solvents, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are a group of over 100 contaminants produced by burning fuels like coal. Oct, 2015 the prevalence of low birth weight in the study area is the highest in the country. In zimbabwe the prevalence of stunting among children age 059 months has increased over the past decade, from 21% in the 1994 zdhs to 28% in 200506. This study was done to assess the maternal and sociodemographic factors associated with low birth weight lbw babies. Physically demanding work during pregnancy also contributes to poor foetal growth.
To reduce the low birth weight deliveries, we studied the maternal factors which. Singleton low birthweight, moderately low birthweight, and very low birthweight rates. Familial aggregation of low birth weight among whites and blacks in the united states. Despite efforts to decrease the proportion of newborns with lbw, success has been quite limited. Plasmodium falciparum in pregnancy results in substantial poor health outcomes for both mother and child, particularly in young, primigravid mothers who are at greatest risk of placental malaria pm infection. Research article effects of maternal factors on birth. Research article survival rate of extremely low birth. New research from brown university confirms that low birthweight predicts an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood and reports which intermediating biomarkers appear to be the best predictors. Jan 01, 2004 low birth weight lbw remains a significant public health problem in many developing countries, and poor nutrition both before and during pregnancy we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. A low birthweight baby may be healthy even though he or she is small.
Low birth weight policy brief world health organization. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood. Risk factors for low birth weight in bale zone hospitals. Low birth weight is the leading cause of infant and child mortality and contributes to several poor health outcomes. The who would like to acknowledge contributions from the following. For preterm birth, the leading causes are genitourinary infection, multiple birth, pregnancyinduced hypertension, and low prepregnancy weight. Low birthweight childrens hospital of philadelphia. Risk factors of low birth weight and effect of them on growth. The primary cause is premature birth, being born before 37 weeks gestation. Low birth weight is one of the major determinants of perinatal survival, infant morbidity and mortality as well as the risk of developmental disabilities and illnesses in future lives. Lbw often occurs in babies who are born prematurely, before 37 weeks of gestation.
Very preterm, preterm, very low birth weight, and low birth. The preterm rates are approximately 60 percent for twins, 90 percent for triplets, and about 100 percent for quadruplets and beyond. Factors associated with low birth weight in a historical. Though infant mortality continues to decline in the united states, the u. Maternal risk factors associated with low birth weight in indonesia. Low birth weight lbw is a major risk factor for death and disease in the fetus and.
Complications of pm include maternal anaemia, low birth weight and preterm delivery, which contribute to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in coastal papua new guinea png. Prevalence and factors associated with low birth weight. Influence of maternal and social factors as predictors of. Low birthweight a babys low weight at birth is either the result of preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation or of restricted foetal intrauterine growth. Objectives to know the factors affecting the birth weight of a newborn and to estimate the prevalence of lbw. Data were from the botswana obstetric record covering the years 1990 to 1995, and were analysed with both descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. Modeling maternal risk factors affecting low birth weight. Material and methods the present study was carried out at rural health training centre rhtc, the field practice area of the department of community medicine and the obstetric. Abstract fetal weight at birth is a major determinant of survival, physical. Low birth weight can be quantified over the maternal, nutritional and socioeconomic factors. Providence, rhode island brown university studies consistently show that people born weigh. Cases with diabetic pregnancy, preeclampsia, an anomalous fetus, and a fetus with chromosomal abnormalities were excluded.
Preterm birth and low birth weight vary by race and ethnicity, with rates typically highest among infants born to nonhispanic black women. Different primary studies in ethiopia showed the burden of low birth weight. Maternal factors contributing to low birth weight babies in an urban slum community of greater mumbai deepa h velankar abstract research question. These data are limited to singleton births in order to explore factors other than plurality multiple births which may influence lbw trends. Proper knowledge of risk factors of low birth weight is important for identifying those mothers at risk and thereby for planning and taking appropriate actions. Risk factors associated with low birth weight article pdf available in journal of nepal health research council 92. Isiugoabanihe department of sociology, university of ibadan, ibadan. Some babies with low birthweight are healthy, even though theyre small. Birthweight is one of the key indicators of the health and viability of a newborn infant.
Oke department of behavioural studies, redeemers university, mowe. Recent trends, risk factors, and disparities in low birth. Neonatal complications are markedly increased in vlbw, and especially elbw, infants. Birth weight and growth during the first two years of life. New research reveals risk factors linking low birthweight to. The report of the international low birth weight lbw symposium and workshop, held at the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh icddr,b. Objectives this study examined risk and protective factors associated with very low birth weight vlbw for babies born to women receiving adequate or inadequate prenatal care. Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces 2,500 grams. There have been many researches on its causes and its effects. Each additional baby increases the risk significantly.
Analysis of low birth weight and its covariants in bangladesh based. Carrying more than 1 baby twins, triplets, or more. Genetic factors contributing to birth weight adc fetal. An unmatched case control study was done involving 159 cases mothers having lbw singleton babies and 159 controls mothers having normal birth weight singleton babies. Effects of maternal factors on birth weight in japan. Low birth weight and its associated factors in ethiopia. The mortality of low birth weight can be reduced if the maternal risk factors are detected early and managed by simple techniques. A case control study on risk factors associated with low. Low birth weight lbw in infants has been linked to not only an increased risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity, physical. Based on world health organization whos definition, low birth weight lbw defines as a child with birth weight lower than 2500 g. Therefore, it is clear that low birth weight represents a heavy burden for healthcare services worldwide.
By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. The factors vary from one area to another, depending upon geographic, socioeconomic and cultural factors. Survival rates for cesarean delivery were signi cantly higher than those for vaginal delivery at all birth weight levels in extremely low birthweight,g infants. The mean gestational age and weight of all infants at birth was. Data were collected on 189 women, 59 of whom had low birth weight babies and of whom had normal birth weight babies. Apr 01, 20 the research team sought to determine the impact of birth weight and the infants gestational age at birth on mortality rates. Low birthweight nutrition policy discussion paper no. But being low birthweight can cause serious health problems for some babies. Factors associated with preterm birth social, personal, and economic characteristics low or high maternal age.
For live births, birthweight should preferably be measured within the first hour of life, before significant postnatal weight loss has occurred. Low birth weight lbw is a major contributor to infant mortality and morbidity. Individuallevel data from each ineo network will be used for comparative analysis of neonatal outcomes between networks. Maternal and environmental factors influencing infant birth. However, lowbirthweight newborns represent a heterogeneous group in term of etiology, and low birth weight is often an indicator of earlier, intrauterine factors.
The goal of this study was to identify risk factors associated with giving birth to a low birth weight baby weighing less than 2500 grams. More than 20 million infants worldwide, represent ing 15. Over half of multiple birth babies have low birthweight compared with only about 6 percent of single birth babies. Infant low birth weight definition and patient education. Low birth weight is one of the main risk factors for infant morbidity and mortality. A baby with low birthweight may have trouble eating, gaining weight and fighting off infections. So far, the prevalence and traditional maternal feeding practice correlates of low birth weight have not been explored well in ethiopia. Research article effects of maternal factors on birth weight in japan. Maternal risk factors contributing for low birth weight. Background low birth weight lbw is a major public health problem in many developing countries, especially so in india. Maternal smoking reduces mean birth weight by about 150200 gm and doubles the risk of lbw associated with restriction of intra uterine growth. Low birthweight in newborns symptoms and causes boston.
Definitions of low birth weight are based on average uk figures for all babies weights at birth nhs digital 2017. Thus, it may be particularly informative to consider gestational age. The global incidence of lbw is around 17%, although estimates vary from 19% in the developing countries countries where it is an important public health problem to 57% in the developed countries. Risky maternal behaviors do not account for racial disparities in infant mortality rates. In fact, there is an exponential relationship between weight deficit, gestational age, and perinatal mortality. Factors affecting birth weight of a newborn a community. The birth weights of 1725 singleborn infants have been analysed to determine the effect of maternal age, parity and socioeconomic status on birth weight. When considering a foetus that is small for its gestational age, it is important to differentiate whether this is due to intrauterine growth restriction iugr, prematurity or other constitutional factors.
A low birthweight babys head may appear to be bigger than the rest of the body, and he or she often looks thin with little body fat. The problem of low birth weight improving birth outcomes. The birth weight of premature babies is usually low. This study was aimed to estimate the national prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight in ethiopia. Prematurity, low birth weight significantly impact mortality. Low birth weight continues to be a main cause of child morbidity and mortality. Maternal risk factors associated with fetal and infant. For example, nonhispanic black infants have significantly higher rates of low birthweight, preterm birth and infant mortality compared to nonhispanic white and hispanic infants.
Genetic factors contributing to birth parental genes weight. Epidemiological studies suggest that genetic factors account for 3080% of birth weight variance the genetic influence on birth size has been recognised for many years, but only recently have some of the specific genes and chromosomal loci involved been identified. Low birth weight contributes 60 to 80% of all neonatal deaths 1. Very low and extremely low birthweight infants introduction and definitions. Both nutrient balance and growth and the impact on neurodevelopment and health outcomes are evaluated. Frequency and risk factors of low birth weight in term pregnancy. Determinants of low birth weight among deliveries at a. Low birth weight babies are at a greater risk of dying during the first year of life and more likely to. Low birth weight infants are at a greater risk of having a disability and for diseases such as cerebral palsy, visual problems, learning disabilities and respiratory problems. Moreover a dose response effect has been described with occurrence of low birth weight increasing with the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
Low birthweight in newborns symptoms and causes what causes low birthweight. And while the educational completion outcome that conley and bennett. This study investigates factors predicting occurrence of low birth weight among deliveries at debreberhan. We will focus on what be believe to be the most important causes. Biological, social, and environmental determinants of low. Birth weight is an important determinant of child survival and development. Prediction of low birth weight infants and its risk factors.
The purpose of this study is to provide insight into the determinants of low birth weight lbw in italy. Further studies to ascertain all factors contributing to the. In recent years, studies focused on explaining how social factors influence this problem have shown that populations with greater inequities have a greater proportion of newborns with lbw. Risk factors associated with very low birth weight in a large.
Racial disparities in us maternal and infant mortality. Maternal factors contributing to low birth weight deliveries in. Louis city and county from 2000 to 2009 were used n 152,590. Infant mortality, low birthweight and racial disparity infant mortality refers to the death of a baby before it reaches its first birthday. Top 10 causes of low birth weight babies howstuffworks. Low birth weight has been an enigma for science over time. Low birth weight infants are those born weighing less than 2500 g. This study examines the biological, social, and environmental determinants of low birth weight and stunting, using data from the 200506 zimbabwe demographic and health survey zdhs. A funnel plot and eggers regression test were used to see publication bias.
All lbw and very lbw newborns 200 were included in the study and a random sample of 400 newborns weighing. The mortality and morbidity of low birth weight can be reduced if the maternal risk factors are detected. Parents size seems to be less important on the babys birth weight. Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with.
There are multiple factors significantly contributing to low birth weight babies. Maternal and environmental factors influencing infant birth weight in ibadan, nigeria uche c. Risk factors for low birth weight according to the multiple. Prediction of low birth weight infants and its risk. Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes significant racial and ethnic disparities exist among birth outcomes for pregnant women and infants. Further evidence for a significant effect of fetal genes on variation in birth.
Subcategories include very low birth weight vlbw, which is less than 1500 g 3 pounds 5 ounces, and extremely low birth weight elbw, which is less than g 2 pounds 3 ounces. Low birth weight lbw is defined by the world health organization as a birth weight of a infant of 2,499 g or less, regardless of gestational age. Low birth weight lbw is a leading risk factor for infant morbidity and mortality in the united states. But a low birthweight baby can also have many serious health. In this study, we determined the maternal factors that contribute to low birth weight lbw deliveries in tshwane district, south africa. Low birthweight is defined as being less than 2500 grams or 5. Genetic factors contributing to birth weight l b johnston,ajlclark, m o savage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among mothers who delivered at governmental hospitals, northern.
The influence of maternal factors on birthweight of the. Socioeconomic factors and low birth weight in mexico bmc. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among mothers who delivered at governmental hospitals. The international network for evaluating outcomes of very low. The world health organization defines low birth weight lbw as a new born having a weight of less than 2,500 g at birth. Low birthweight is when a baby is born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces. Nancy wairimu gathimba 1, anthony wanjoya 1, george kipruto kiplagat 1, levi mbugua 2, koima kibiwott 3. Low birth weight lbw remains a leading global cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Babies with low birthweight look much smaller than other babies of normal birthweight.
To identify the maternal risk factors and their association with low birth weight babies in tertiary care hospitals of lahore. Data were from the botswana obstetric record covering the years 1990 to 1995, and were analysed with. There are large disparities in the prevalence of lbw by race and ethnicity, especially between african american and white women. Risk factors associated with low birth weight of neonates among pregnant women attending a referral hospital in northern tanzania j. Factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. Low birth weight health encyclopedia university of. Data were collected from the delivery certificates during one year. A low birth weight birth can occur from slow fetal growth over a fullterm pregnancy, being born premature, or both.
Nutritional strategies for the very low birthweight infant by. Term low birth weight rates vary by the age of the mother. Low birth weight is defined by the world health organization as a birth weight less than 2,500 grammes g. Low birth weight lbw is one of the main predictors of infant mortality. What are the various maternal factors associated with low birth weight. Maternal factors contributing to low birth weight babies.
Preterm birth complications are considered the leading cause of death among. Low birth weight is an indicator that predicts the probability of a child surviving. To reduce the low birth weight deliveries, we studied the maternal factors which adversely affect the fetus in utero and their impact on fetus. Although we do not know all the causes of lbw, maternal and environmental factors appear to be significant risk factors in its occurrence. Low birth weight is more common in babies born in the uk to parents of asian, black or mixed heritage, than babies who are born to white european parents kelly et al 2009, nhs digital 2017. Siza national institute for medical research, mwanza research centre.
Even certain conditions in adulthood may be associated with low birth weight, such as coronary disease, cerebral vascular accident, hypertension, type 2 diabetes 9, insulin resistance 10 and depression 11. Determinants and prevention of low birth weight institute of health. Birth weight and child growth are important predictors for the future health of a person and at aggregate level, for the public health of a population. This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of low birth weight in bale zone hospitals. When a woman carries more than one baby, her risk of premature delivery skyrockets.
Despite extensive research, the practice of clinical and public health, and policies devoted to reducing the number of lbw infants, the prevalence of lbw has. Low birth weight data sfu department of statistics and. Infant low birth weight lbw happens when babies weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic, biological and behavioural factors influencing low birth weight and prematurity in botswana. Infant mortality, low birthweight and racial disparity. We investigated the possible factors related to the birth weight bw using the japanese perinatal database. Birthweight is the first weight of the newborn obtained after birth.
1014 274 1433 1424 1371 1072 389 1102 1375 1303 448 688 1405 1502 965 1216 444 869 1172 525 766 207 998 114 1439 573 1193 444 51 117 24 631 580